Reported Speech

English

Reported Speech in English

What is Reported Speech?

Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to report what someone else said without using their exact words. Unlike Direct Speech, we don't use quotation marks and often make grammatical changes.

Direct Speech:

"I love learning English," she said.

Reported Speech:

She said (that) she loved learning English.

Key Changes in Reported Speech

1. Tense Shifts

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	Example
Present Simple	Past Simple	"I work" → He said he worked
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	"I am studying" → She said she was studying
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	"I have finished" → They said they had finished
Past Simple	Past Perfect	"I saw him" → She said she had seen him
will	would	"I will help" → He said he would help
can	could	"I can swim" → She said she could swim
must	had to	"I must go" → He said he had to go

2. Pronoun Changes

I → he/she
we → they
me → him/her
us → them
my → his/her
our → their

Example: "My book is here" → He said his book was there

3. Time/Place Expressions

now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before
tomorrow → the next day
next week → the following week
here → there
this → that

Special Cases

Requests & Commands

Use ask/tell + object + to + infinitive:

"Please close the window" → She asked me to close the window

"Stop talking!" → The teacher told us to stop talking

Questions

Use the same word order as statements:

"Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived

"Did she call?" → They wondered if she had called

No Tense Change When

Reporting general truths: "The sun rises in the east" → He said the sun rises in the east
Reporting immediate information: "I feel sick" → She says she feels sick

Practice Examples

Direct: "I can't attend the meeting tomorrow" (John)

Reported: John said he couldn't attend the meeting the next day

Direct: "We have been working on this project" (They)

Reported: They said they had been working on that project

Polish

Mowa Zależna w Języku Angielskim

Co to jest mowa zależna?

Mowa zależna (Reported Speech lub Indirect Speech) służy do relacjonowania czyjejś wypowiedzi bez używania dokładnych słów. W przeciwieństwie do mowy niezależnej, nie używamy cudzysłowu i często wprowadzamy zmiany gramatyczne.

Mowa niezależna (Direct Speech):

"I love learning English," she said.

Mowa zależna (Reported Speech):

She said (that) she loved learning English.

Kluczowe zmiany w mowie zależnej

1. Zmiany czasów gramatycznych

Mowa niezależna	Mowa zależna	Przykład
Present Simple	Past Simple	"I work" → He said he worked
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	"I am studying" → She said she was studying
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	"I have finished" → They said they had finished
Past Simple	Past Perfect	"I saw him" → She said she had seen him
will	would	"I will help" → He said he would help
can	could	"I can swim" → She said she could swim
must	had to	"I must go" → He said he had to go

2. Zmiany zaimków

I → he/she
we → they
me → him/her
us → them
my → his/her
our → their

Przykład: "My book is here" → He said his book was there

3. Zmiany określeń czasu i miejsca

now → then (teraz → wtedy)
today → that day (dzisiaj → tego dnia)
yesterday → the day before (wczoraj → dnia poprzedniego)
tomorrow → the next day (jutro → następnego dnia)
next week → the following week (w przyszłym tygodniu → następnego tygodnia)
here → there (tutaj → tam)
this → that (ten → tamten)

Specjalne przypadki

Prośby i rozkazy

Używamy konstrukcji: ask/tell + dopełnienie + to + bezokolicznik:

"Please close the window" → She asked me to close the window

"Stop talking!" → The teacher told us to stop talking

Pytania

Używamy szyku zdania twierdzącego (bez operatora do/does/did):